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Between 2008-11, it grew at more than 9 per cent. In consonance with global trends India’s growth also has tapered off these past two years. Nevertheless, overall the trends have never been like this before and there is optimism about the long term, despite recent troubles. It is a country where many state GDPs are bigger than that of many countries.The size of Maharashtra’s economy would place it just about alongside as Singapore and bigger than Hong Kong or Nigeria. This overall performance, however, masks a diversity of performances. 

While the government tries to downplay the numbers by having a somewhat self-serving index (now 22 per cent), other measures such as the UNDP’s .25 a day suggest that almost 37.5 per cent  of Indians live in dire poverty. At a day as much as 70 per cent   of India is below an internationally determined basic standard of living index.Others indices are just as damning. India’s abysmal track record at ensuring basic levels of nutrition is the greatest contributor to its poverty as measured by the new international Multi-dimensional Poverty Index (MPI). About 645 million people, or 55 per cent, of India’s population is poor as measured by this composite indicator made up of 10 markers of education, health and standard of living achievement levels.

A person is defined as poor if he or she is deprived on at least three of the 10 indicators. By this definition, 55 per cent of India was poor, close to double India’s much-criticised China EPTFE waterproof and breathable membrane official poverty figure. Almost 20 per cent of Indians are deprived on six of the 10 indicators.But even more a matter of concern is the growth regional disparities. Eastern India has been languishing and has the densest concentration of poverty, while the northern and southern states have showed very good performances on this front. India’s west has its main industrial centers and naturally overall figures tend to be good here. But if the big cities are removed, here also we get a bit of a dismal picture. 

But does India still have an extractive political system? Many economists will argue that the data suggests just this. When we see the evolving politics through this prism, we have an answer for the growth of family or clan-dominated political parties on one side, and the notable expansion of the upper classes and the growing power of family-owned businesses.Certain cultures and groups seem to have a greater propensity towards material wealth. The Sikhs, Gujaratis and Marwaris in India, for instance, are more entrepreneurial and contribute far more to India’s overall economic wealth creation than others. Kerala has India’s highest HDI. It has near universal literacy. 

Between 2008-11, it grew at more than 9 per cent. In consonance with global trends India’s growth also has tapered off these past two years. Nevertheless, overall the trends have never been like this before and there is optimism about the long term, despite recent troubles. It is a country where many state GDPs are bigger than that of many countries.The size of Maharashtra’s economy would place it just about alongside as Singapore and bigger than Hong Kong or Nigeria. This overall performance, however, masks a diversity of performances. The Human Development Index (HDI) of Kerala is India’s highest at 0.790, which would place it ahead of China, while at the other end of the spectrum is Chhattisgarh with 0.358, which would place it just alongside Chad, one of the world’s poorest and most backward countries. At 0.790, Kerala would find a place in the high HDI list of nations.The incidence of poverty is always a contentious matter in India.

While the government tries to downplay the numbers by having a somewhat self-serving index (now 22 per cent), other measures such as the UNDP’s $1.25 a day suggest that almost 37.5 per cent  of Indians live in dire poverty. At $2 a day as much as 70 per cent   of India is below an internationally determined basic standard of living index.Others indices are just as damning. India’s abysmal track record at ensuring basic levels of nutrition is the greatest contributor to its poverty as measured by the new international Multi-dimensional Poverty Index (MPI). About 645 million people, or 55 per cent, of India’s population is poor as measured by this composite indicator made up of 10 markers of education, health and standard of living achievement levels.The new data also shows that even in states generally perceived as prosperous, such as Haryana, Gujarat and Karnataka, more than 40 per cent  of the population is poor by the new composite measure, while Kerala is the only state in which the poor constitute less than 20 per cent. The MPI measures both the incidence of poverty and its intensity.

A person is defined as poor if he or she is deprived on at least three of the 10 indicators. By this definition, 55 per cent of India was poor, close to double India’s much-criticised China EPTFE waterproof and breathable membrane official poverty figure. Almost 20 per cent of Indians are deprived on six of the 10 indicators.But even more a matter of concern is the growth regional disparities. Eastern India has been languishing and has the densest concentration of poverty, while the northern and southern states have showed very good performances on this front. India’s west has its main industrial centers and naturally overall figures tend to be good here. But if the big cities are removed, here also we get a bit of a dismal picture. Clearly the southern and northern states seem to be doing better.While economic institutions are critical for determining whether a country is poor or prosperous, it is politics and political institutions that determine what economic institutions a country has. Some states are structured around "extractive political institutions" where the institutions serve to satisfy the aspirations of a narrow elite alone. Colonialism was clearly an extractive political system.

But does India still have an extractive political system? Many economists will argue that the data suggests just this. When we see the evolving politics through this prism, we have an answer for the growth of family or clan-dominated political parties on one side, and the notable expansion of the upper classes and the growing power of family-owned businesses.Certain cultures and groups seem to have a greater propensity towards material wealth. The Sikhs, Gujaratis and Marwaris in India, for instance, are more entrepreneurial and contribute far more to India’s overall economic wealth creation than others. Kerala has India’s highest HDI. It has near universal literacy. It has the longest longevity and IMR indices. Yet Kerala doesn’t have much by way of industry, more specifically private industry.In a global system having almost 200 independent states at various states and stages of development, we can have a wide disparity, as each one of these economies represents a sovereign entity bounded by a border. But in a system that is bound by its Constitution, its history and its civilization as one, as is India, can we afford to risk too much diversity in economic well-being?

A thick layer of smog canopied the national capital early on Wednesday morning, leading to hazardous pollution levels. The reasons for this may be varied from stubble burning in Haryana and Punjab to vehicular/construction pollution but the fact remains that it is affecting the health of Delhis citizens," an official order from Sisodias office said on Wednesday. The EPCA panel has also recommended re-introduction of odd-even scheme for private vehicles based on license plate numbers with minimal exceptions. It had also ordered suspension of outdoor activities for secondary classes.

New Delhi: Education Minister Manish Sisodia on Wednesday announced that all schools in Delhi will remain shut till Sunday as the capital citys air quality was worsening..Taking into consideration the severity of air pollution in the NCR-Delhi region, a Supreme Court-appointed panel on Tuesday recommended immediate enhancement of parking fee by four times.School students are finding it hard to commute with fall in visibility and air quality as moisture combined with pollutants shrouded the city in a thick cover of haze. We have ordered the closure of all the schools in Delhi until Sunday," Sisodia tweeted.

I have been experiencing itching composite suppliers in my eyes and throat"."Due to the deteriorating air quality in Delhi, the health of children cannot be compromised.Read: 4-time hike in parking fee likely as smog engulfs Delhi; odd-even rule for vehiclesThe decision was taken at a meeting of the Environment Pollution Prevention and Control Authority (EPCA) to tackle the issue of rising air pollution by discouraging people from using private vehicles.The AAP government had on Tuesday directed that primary schools would be closed on Wednesday.Another student said, "We are facing problems. It has engulfed the city.Earlier on Tuesday, Delhi Chief Minister Arvind Kejriwal said the capital city of India has become "gas chamber".

The decision to shut all school for this week came after the Air Quality Index (AQI) touched 448 in a scale of 500, entering severe category.Various areas, including Dwarka, India Gate, Dhaula Kuan and RK Puram were covered with thick smog."The air pollution has become unbearable affecting all. On Wednesday, the AQI was worse at 484.In the wake of Indian Medical Association (IMA) declaring "public health emergency" in Delhi due to hazardous pollution levels, experts have warned people to avoid outdoor physical activities like cycling and jogging."

The situation shall be reviewed on Sunday," it added."I am wearing a mask as my throat is itching because of the smog," Raja, a school student said.Read: Kejriwal asks minister to shut schools, calls Delhi a gas chamberIn view of rampant air pollution, people at various places in Delhi are wearing masks during morning walk